Fusion proteins for use as immunogenic enhancers for inducing antigen-specific t cell responses

ABSTRACT

A fusion protein for use as an immunogen enhancer for enhancing antigen-specific T cell responses is disclosed. The fusion protein comprises: (a) an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-binding domain or a CD91 receptor-binding domain; (b) a protein transduction domain; and (c) an antigen of a pathogen, wherein the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is located at the N-terminus of the fusion protein, and the antigen of the pathogen is located at the C-terminus of the protein transduction domain. The protein transduction domain is selected from the group consisting of: (i) a fusion polypeptide, comprising a T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide, a linker, and a translocation peptide; (ii) a T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide; and (iii) a translocation peptide of 34-112 amino acid residues in length.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims the priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/733,879, filed Dec. 5, 2012, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to fusion proteins, and more specifically to fusion proteins for enhancing T cell-mediated immune response.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Molecular biology has enabled the production of subunit vaccines, in which the immunogen is a fragment or subunit of a parent protein or complex. The development of a stable vaccine that could elicit T cell sensitizing responses, and be flexible enough to incorporate sequences from many strains of an infectious agent would be desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention relates to a fusion protein comprising:

-   -   (a) an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-binding domain or a CD91         receptor-binding domain, located at the N-terminus of the fusion         protein;     -   (b) a protein transduction domain, located at the C-terminus of         the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain, the         protein transduction domain being selected from the group         consisting of:         -   (i) a fusion polypeptide, comprising a T cell sensitizing             signal-transducing peptide, a linker, and a translocation             peptide, wherein:             -   (1) the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide is                 located at the N-terminus of the fusion polypeptide;             -   (2) the linker comprises SEQ ID NO: 15, linking the T                 cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide and the                 translocation peptide; and             -   (3) the translocation peptide has 34-112 amino acid                 residues in length and comprises the amino acid sequence                 that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4;             -   (4) a T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide; and         -   (iii) a translocation peptide of 34-112 amino acid residues             in length, comprising the amino acid sequence that is at             least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4; and     -   (c) an antigen of a pathogen, located at the C-terminus of the         protein transduction domain; wherein:     -   the T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide has 28-53         amino acid residues in length and comprises an amino acid         sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31, in         which Xaa⁸ is I or L; Xaa¹⁰ is V, F or A, Xaa¹¹ is M or L, Xaa¹⁷         is L or I; and     -   the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is         free of the amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE)         binding domain I if the protein transduction domain is the         translocation peptide (biii).

In one embodiment of the invention, the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 6, 7, and 8. Alternatively, the APC-binding domain is selected from the group consisting of receptor-associated protein-1 (RAP1) domain III, alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (A2M) HIV-Tat, and heat shock proteins (HSPs), and Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) binding domain I.

In another embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein is free of the amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) binding domain I.

In another embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein further comprises an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence located at the C-terminus of the fusion protein.

In another embodiment of the invention, the endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence comprises the amino acid sequence of Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 14). The ER retention sequence may comprise a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 14, 16-19. Alternatively, the ER retention sequence may consist of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 16-19.

In another embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein is free of an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence at C-terminus thereof if the antigen contains 10 or more epitopes.

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein transduction domain is the fusion polypeptide (bi).

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein transduction domain is the T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide (bii).

In another embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein further comprises an additional linker between the protein transduction domain and the antigen, the additional linker comprising SEQ ID NO: 15.

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein transduction domain is the translocation peptide (biii).

In another embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein further comprises an additional linker between the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain and the translocation peptide, the additional linker comprising SEQ ID NO: 15.

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein transduction domain comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.

In another embodiment of the invention, the APC-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 6, 7, and 8.

In another embodiment of the invention, the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 6, 7, and 8.

In another embodiment of the invention, the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.

In another embodiment of the invention, the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2.

In another embodiment of the invention, the translocation peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 20, and 4.

In another embodiment of the invention, the translocation peptide has 34-61 amino acid residues in length.

In another embodiment of the invention, the protein transduction domain of the fusion protein as aforementioned possesses the following features: (i) the T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2, and (ii) the translocation peptide comprises the amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.

The T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide exhibits a characteristic of eliciting an antibody that recognizes and binds to the amino acid sequence of K¹(X)²E³(X)⁴(X)⁵Y⁶P⁷P⁸P⁹Y¹⁰ (SEQ ID NO: 32) of CD28 receptor on T cells, wherein (X)² is I or L; (X)⁴ is V, F or A, and (X)⁵ is M or L.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a fusion protein consisting of:

-   -   (a) an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-binding domain or a CD91         receptor-binding domain, located at the N-terminus of the fusion         protein;     -   (b) a protein transduction domain, located at the C-terminus of         the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain, the         protein transduction domain being selected from the group         consisting of:         -   (i) a fusion polypeptide, comprising a T cell sensitizing             signal-transducing peptide, a linker, and a translocation             peptide, wherein:             -   (1) the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide is                 located at the N-terminus of the fusion polypeptide;             -   (2) the linker comprises SEQ ID NO: 15, linking the T                 cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide and the                 translocation peptide; and             -   (3) the translocation peptide has 34-112 amino acid                 residues in length and comprises the amino acid sequence                 that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4;         -   (ii) a T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide; and         -   (iii) a translocation peptide of 34-112 amino acid residues             in length, comprising the amino acid sequence that is at             least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4; and     -   (c) an antigen of a pathogen, located at the C-terminus of the         protein transduction domain; wherein:     -   the T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide has 28-53         amino acid residues in length and comprises an amino acid         sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31, in         which Xaa⁸ is I or L; Xaa¹⁰ is V or A, Xaa¹¹ is M or L, Xaa¹⁷ is         L or I; and     -   the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is         free of the amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE)         binding domain I if the protein transduction domain is the         translocation peptide (biii).

The antigen-presenting cell (APC) may be selected from the group consisting of dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells and monocytes.

In one embodiment of the invention, the cell membrane of the APC comprises a CD91 receptor.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a vaccine composition comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein as aforementioned; and (b) an adjuvant.

The adjuvant is either an antigen delivery agent or an immune potentiator. In one embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises an antigen delivery agent and is free of an immune potentiator.

Further in another aspect, the invention relates to a method for inducing enhanced pathogen antigen-specific T cell responses, comprising: administering a vaccine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein as aforementioned to a subject in need thereof, and thereby inducing enhanced pathogen antigen-specific T cell responses.

Further in another aspect, the invention relates to a method for killing a disease cell that presents an antigen via class I MHC molecules on the cell membrane of the disease cell, comprising: administering a vaccine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a fusion protein as aforementioned to a subject in need thereof, and thereby killing the disease cell that that presents the antigen via class I MHC molecules on the cell membrane of the disease cell.

In one embodiment of the invention, the disease cell is a cancer cell.

Yet in another aspect, the invention relates to a method for preventing, treating infection caused by a pathogen, and/or minimizing symptoms caused by the infection, comprising: administering a vaccine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof, and thereby preventing, treating infection caused by the pathogen, and/or minimizing symptoms caused by the infection.

The pathogen may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Human Immuno-deficient Virus (HIV-1), flu virus, Dangue virus, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2).

In one embodiment of the invention, the fusion protein as aforementioned is for use in enhancing an antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response in a subject in need thereof. The fusion protein may also be for use in enhancing an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response, or for use as an immunogenic enhancer for inducing an enhanced antigen-specific antibody titer response, in a subject in need thereof.

These and other aspects will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the following drawings, although variations and modifications therein may be affected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the disclosure.

The accompanying drawings illustrate one or more embodiments of the invention and, together with the written description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements of an embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a vector map.

FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the result of SDS-PAGE analyses of fusion proteins.

FIG. 3 is a vector map.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing illustrating one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5A shows immunization schedules.

FIG. 5B is a photograph showing the result of SDS-PAGE analyses of fusion proteins.

FIGS. 5C-D are graphs showing tumor size curves and percentage of tumor-free mice in the animal groups vaccinated with various fusion proteins or placebo, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows a flow chart (left panel) for preparation of fusion proteins, and a photograph (right panel) showing the result of SDS-PAGE analyses of fusion proteins.

FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing illustrating the mechanisms of actions of T cell-sensitizing fusion proteins.

FIG. 8 shows sequence alignments of CD28 from various species.

FIG. 9A shows immunization schedules.

FIGS. 9B-C show tumor size curves and survival rate in the animal groups vaccinated with various fusion proteins or placebo, respectively.

FIG. 10 is a schematic drawing showing a RAP1-containing vector used for generating a plasmid containing a DNA insert from a pathogen.

FIG. 11 are schematic drawings illustrating constructions of fusion proteins containing antigens of various pathogens.

FIGS. 12A-F are photographs showing the results of SDS-PAGE analyses of various fusion proteins.

FIGS. 13A-B show animal groups, vaccines and dosage used for immunizing the animals, and immunization schedules.

FIGS. 14A-D are tables showing the results of ex vim antigen-specific immune response analyses of CD3+/CD4+ splenocytes and CD3+/CD8+ splenocytes from the animal groups of FIG. 13A vaccinated with placebo or a fusion protein containing E7₁₆, E7₁₈, HCVcore, or HBx antigen.

FIGS. 15A-J show IFNγ+ cell counts in ex vivo antigen-specific immune response analyses of CD3+/CD8+ splenocytes and CD3+/CD4+ splenocytes from the animal groups of FIG. 13A vaccinated with placebo or a fusion protein containing a PCV2 (15A-B) or PRRSV antigen (15C-J).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples that are intended as illustrative only since numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Various embodiments of the invention are now described in detail. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate like components throughout the views. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a”, “an”, and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Moreover, titles or subtitles may be used in the specification for the convenience of a reader, which shall have no influence on the scope of the present invention. Additionally, some terms used in this specification are more specifically defined below.

Definitions

The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of the invention, and in the specific context where each term is used. Certain terms that are used to describe the invention are discussed below, or elsewhere in the specification, to provide additional guidance to the practitioner regarding the description of the invention. For convenience, certain terms may be highlighted, for example using italics and/or quotation marks. The use of highlighting has no influence on the scope and meaning of a term; the scope and meaning of a term is the same, in the same context, whether or not it is highlighted. It will be appreciated that same thing can be said in more than one way. Consequently, alternative language and synonyms may be used for any one or more of the terms discussed herein, nor is any special significance to be placed upon whether or not a term is elaborated or discussed herein. Synonyms for certain terms are provided. A recital of one or more synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use of examples anywhere in this specification including examples of any terms discussed herein is illustrative only, and in no way limits the scope and meaning of the invention or of any exemplified term. Likewise, the invention is not limited to various embodiments given in this specification.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. In the case of conflict, the present document, including definitions will control.

As used herein, “around”, “about” or “approximately” shall generally mean within 20 percent, preferably within 10 percent, and more preferably within 5 percent of a given value or range. Numerical quantities given herein are approximate, meaning that the term “around”, “about” or “approximately” can be inferred if not expressly stated.

The term “an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell” refers to a cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC's) on their surfaces. T-cells may recognize these complexes using their T-cell receptors (TCRs). These cells process antigens and present them to T-cells. Main types of professional antigen-presenting cell: dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, monocytes, and certain B-cells.

The term “an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-binding domain” refers to a domain that can bind to an antigen-presenting cell (APC). The APC-binding domain may be a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. An APC-binding domain is a ligand that recognizes and binds to a receptor on APC.

Cluster of differentiation 91 (CD91) is a protein that forms a receptor in the membrane of cells and is involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

The term “a protein transduction domain” refers to a polypeptide or a fusion polypeptide having a function to sensitize T-cells and thus enhance antigen-specific T cell responses, and/or to guide or direct an antigen toward (i.e., to target to) class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) pathway (i.e., a cytotoxic T cell pathway) of antigen presentation.

The term “to sensitize T cells” generally means that CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are sensitized and as a result, CD8+ (CTL) and CD4+ T cell responses to an antigen challenge are enhanced. An antigen-specific cell mediated immune response is measured by quantifying the production of antigen-specific induced γ-interferon in response to an antigen. For example, without a sensitization signal (i.e., without the protein transduction domain), an antigen alone may induce weak or no cell mediated immune response at all, i.e., weak or no production of antigen-specific γ-interferon from CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, while in the presence of a sensitization signal (the protein transduction domain), the antigen may induce an enhanced cell mediated immune response. Thus, the function of a sensitization signal (the protein transduction domain) is to sensitize CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a host so that when the host is later challenged by an antigen, the antigen can induce an enhanced antigen-specific cell mediated immune response due to prior CD4+ and CD8+ T cell sensitization.

A protein transduction domain may be a peptide and/or polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) a fusion polypeptide, comprising a T cell sensitizing         signal-transducing peptide, a linker, and a translocation         peptide, wherein:         -   (1) the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide is             located at the N-terminus of the fusion polypeptide;         -   (2) the linker comprises SEQ ID NO: 15, linking the T cell             sensitizing signal-transducing peptide and the translocation             peptide; and         -   (3) the translocation peptide has 34-112 amino acid residues             in length and comprises the amino acid sequence that is at             least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4;     -   (ii) a T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide; and     -   (iii) a translocation peptide of 34-112 amino acid residues in         length, comprising the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%         identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4.

A protein transduction domain may be “a fusion polypeptide”, in which the fusion polypeptide comprises a T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide, a linker, and to translocation peptide. For example, the fusion polypeptide may be the polypeptide “CD28convPE_(t)”.

The term “CD28conv” refers to a CD28 conserved region, which is a “T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide”. It's an epitope for inducing CD28 agonist antibody.

The term “PE_(t)” refers to a translocation peptide with 34-112 amino acid residues in length.

A linker is present between the “CD28conv” and the “PE_(t)”. The orientation or arrangement of the fusion polypeptide “CD28convPE_(t)” is important in that “CD28conv” (or the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide) must be at the upstream to the PE_(t) (or the translocation peptide), i.e., PE_(t) must be at the C-terminus of the “CD28conv” to obtain enhanced T-cell responses. The “CD28convPE_(t)” can raise much higher IgG titer (called CD28-specific agonist antibody) specific to CD28conv than the reversed orientation fusion peptide PE_(t)CD28conv. The CD28-specific agonist antibody can sensitize both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The correct orientation fusion polypeptide CD28convPE_(t) contains a linker (RXRXKR) between CD28conv and PE_(t) domains. The linker contains an antigen presenting cell (APC)-specific protease (cathepsin L) cutting site Lys-Arg (KR). Therefore, the fusion protein RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-Antigen-K3 can be digested into the two fragments: RAP1-CD28conv and PE_(t)-Antigen-K3. The RAP1-CD28conv fragment can be further digested in the lysosome and the epitope of CD28conv is then presented to the APC cell surface via MHC II pathway, which in turn elicits a humoral immune response producing CD28 agonist antibody. Thus, CD28 agonist antibody is produced by B cells. This CD28 agonist antibody can bind to CD28 on the T cell surface and pre-activate the T cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells).

A “T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide” has 28-53 amino acid residues in length and comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31, in which Xaa is I or L; Xaa¹⁰ is V, F or A, Xaa¹¹ is M or L, Xaa¹⁷ is L or I.

The T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide comprises the critical region K¹(I/L)²E³(V/P/A)⁴(M/L)⁵Y⁶P⁷P⁵P⁹Y¹⁰(SEQ ID NO: 32), wherein (X)²is I or L; (X)⁴ is V, F or A, (X)⁵ is M or L.

A T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide (TDIYCKIEFMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIH; SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein X⁸ is I, X¹⁰ is F, X¹¹ is M) specific for mice was used in the following examples.

FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing illustrating the mechanisms of actions of T cell-sensitizing fusion proteins using the fusion protein RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 as an example. RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 comprises from N-terminus to the C-terminus: (1) the domain III of the full length RAP1 at the N-terminus, (2) CD28conv, (3) a linker, (4) a modified translocation peptide from Pseudomonas Exotoxin A, (5) a full length HPV type 16 E7 protein, and (6) the triple KDEL as an ER retention signal at the C-terminus. The HPV16 E7 protein is processed into epitopes within the cells of a subject immunized with the fusion protein. The RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 can elicit a better cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response than the traditional vaccines that contain antigen only. RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 protein was designed to improve APC (such as dendritic cell) uptake efficiency and enhance HPV16 E7 antigen processing toward a proteasome pathway, then presented via MHC I complexes. The mechanism of action of HPV16 E7 protein-specific CTL immune response elicited by the vaccine RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 is illustrated in FIG. 7: (a) the vaccine binds to APC (such as dendritic cell) surface receptor (CD91) and internalized via endocytosis; (b1) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 undergoes proteolytic hydrolysis by cathepsin L protease digestion at the site before the the translocation peptide PE_(t); (b2) or recycles to the E.R. and undergoes proteolytic hydrolysis by furin protease at the site before the translocation peptide PE_(t); (b3) At the meantime, RAP1-CD28conv was digested by lysosomal protease and the epitopes of CD28conv are then presented to the cell surface via MHC II and elicits CD28 agonist antibody production, which can pre-active T cells; (c) The most important step is transmembrane translocation of the PE_(t)-E7-K3 into the cytoplasmic compartment from the lysosome by translocation peptide (PE_(t)); (d) the PE_(t)-E7-K3 undergoes digestion via proteasome pathway, then the epitopes of E7 are presented by MHC I complex and elicit E7-specific cell mediated immune response.

FIG. 8 shows a sequence alignment of CD28 conserved regions from various species and the consensus sequence. The underlined sequence (KIEVMYPPPY; SEQ ID NO: 32, where X² is I, X⁴ is V, X⁵is M) within the consensus sequence is a critical region for CD28 agonist antibody recognition and binding. This critical region sequence can be represented by K¹(I/L)²E³(V/F/A)⁴(M/L)⁵Y⁶P⁷P⁸P⁹Y¹⁰, in which only the fourth amino acid residue therein is species-specific and should be V in human, rat, porcine, bovine, sheep, dog and horse; F in mouse, and V in turkey. The critical region sequence may be represented as K¹(X)²E³(X)⁴(X)⁵Y⁶P⁷P⁸P⁹Y¹⁰ (SEQ ID NO: 32), wherein (X)² is I or L; (X)⁴ is V, F or A, (X)⁵ is M or L.

PE_(t) may comprise the amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 or 20. For example, the amino acid sequence of PE_(t) may be a.a. 280-a.a. 313 (SEQ ID NO: 3), a.a. 268-a.a. 313 (SEQ ID NO: 20), a.a. 253-a.a. 313, or a.a. 253-a.a. 364 (SEQ ID NO: 4) of PE. That is, the amino acid sequence of PE_(t) may contain any region of the PE domain II (a.a. 253 to a.a. 364; SEQ ID NO: 4) as long as it comprises a.a. 280-a.a. 313 (SEQ ID NO: 3) essential fragment.

An antigen may be a pathogenic protein, polypeptide or peptide that is responsible for a disease caused by the pathogen, or is capable of inducing an immunological response in a host infected by the pathogen, or tumor-associated antigen (TAA) which is a polypeptide specifically expressed in tumor cells. The antigen may be selected from a pathogen or cancer cells including, but not limited to, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), PRRSV, HIV-1, flu virus, Dangue virus, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2), non-small cell lung cancer, breast carcinoma, melanoma, lymphomas, colon carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and any combination thereof. For example, HPV E7 protein (E7), HCV core protein (HCV core), HBV X protein (HBx) were selected as antigens for vaccine development. The antigen may be a fusion antigen from a fusion of two or more antigens selected from one or more pathogenic proteins. For example, a fusion antigen of PRRSV ORF6 and ORF5 fragments, or a fusion of antigenic proteins from PRRSV and PCV2 pathogens.

The function of an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence is to assist translocation of an antigen from an endocytotic compartment into ER and retains it in the lumen. It comprises the sequence Lys Asp Glu Leu (KDEL) or RDEL. An ER sequence may comprise, or consists essentially of, or consist of, the sequence of KKDLRDELKDEL (SEQ ID NO: 16) KKDELRDELKDEL (SEQ ID NO: 17) KKDELRVELKDEL (SEQ ID NO: 18).

Receptor-associated protein (RAP1) with a molecular weight of 39 kDa is an ER resident protein and molecular chaperone for LDL receptor-related protein. It has a high binding affinity to CD91 (Kd˜3 nM) and is composed by three functional-similar domains.

The invention relates to the discovery of induction and enhancement of T cell mediated immune responses by fusion proteins according to the invention. Using RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 an example, the strategy of RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 vaccine is focused primarily on stimulating the production and activation of T cells that can recognize HPV16 infected cells expressing the target antigen E7. By delivering antigens to dendritic cells, it can generate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. Type 1-helper CD4+ T cells particularly are able to efficiently stimulate and augment the immune response of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Together, these two arms of the adaptive immune system have the specificity and potency to kill HPV16-infected cells or HPV16-associated tumor cells at multiple sites in the body without inflicting significant damage on normal tissues.

The term “subject” refers to a human or a non-human animal.

The term “treating” or “treatment” refers to administration of an effective amount of the fusion protein to a subject in need thereof, who has cancer or infection, or a symptom or predisposition toward such a disease, with the purpose of cure, alleviate, relieve, remedy, ameliorate, or prevent the disease, the symptoms of it, or the predisposition towards it. Such a subject can be identified by a health care professional based on results from any suitable diagnostic method.

The term “an effective amount” refers to the amount of an active compound that is required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated subject. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on rout of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatment.

Abbreviations: CD 28, Cluster of Differentiation 28.

EXAMPLES

Without intent to limit the scope of the invention, exemplary instruments, apparatus, methods and their related results according to the embodiments of the present invention are given below. Note that titles or subtitles may be used in the examples for convenience of a reader, which in no way should limit the scope of the invention. Moreover, certain theories are proposed and disclosed herein; however, in no way they, whether they are right or wrong, should limit the scope of the invention so long as the invention is practiced according to the invention without regard for any particular theory or scheme of action.

Example 1 Constructions of Expression Vectors

FIG. 1 shows the expression vector for the fusion protein RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3, which comprises a RAP1 domain 3 (SEQ ID NO: 5), a translocation minimum essential peptide (PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃; SEQ ID NO: 20), the antigen E7, and an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence (K3, or a KDEL signal; SEQ ID NO: 16, 17, 18, or 19). The translocation minimum essential peptide (PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃; SEQ ID NO: 20) was obtained from PE (SEQ ID NO: 10) polypeptide sequence region from a.a. 268 to a.a. 313.

This expression vector was constructed by using the plasmid RAP1-K3 shown in FIG. 10. The plasmid RAP1-K3 (FIG. 10), which contains a fusion gene of RAP-1 domain 3 and K3, was generated as follows: A DNA fragment encoding ^(NdeI)RAP1-^((EcoRI, XhoI))-K3^(XhoI) was synthesized by a PCR method and ligated into the plasmid pUC18 backbone with kanamycin resistance gene to obtain the plasmid RAP1-K3 (FIG. 10). To generate the expression vector RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 (FIG. 1), a DNA fragment encoding PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7 was inserted into the plasmid RAP1-K3 (FIG. 10). Using similar methods, DNA fragments encoding various fusion peptides were generated by PCR (FIG. 11) and inserted, respectively, into the plasmid RAP1-K3 (FIG. 10) to generate expression vectors for various fusion proteins (FIGS. 12A-F). FIG. 3 illustrates the expression vector for the fusion protein RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 (FIG. 3).

The fragment CD28convPE_(t) contains cathepsin L and furin protease cutting sites. FIG. 4 shows an amino acid sequence map of the fusion protein RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 to illustrate the importance of the fragment CD28convPE_(t). The two arrows indicate cathepsin L and furin protease cutting sites, respectively. These two cutting sites not only serve as linkers to ligate CD28conv and PE_(t)-E7 but also allow cutting of the fusion protein to release the fragment PE_(t)-E7-K3 to the cytoplasm from the lysosome. Any other antigens of interest from various pathogens may replace E7 to fuse with CD28convPE_(t) and the fusion product can then be inserted into the plasmid of FIG. 10 to make a variety of expression vectors for fusion proteins illustrated in FIG. 11.

The sequence of PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃ is pletftrhrqprgweqleqcgypvqrlvalylaarlswnqvdqvir (SEQ ID NO: 20). The whole sequence of CD28convPE_(t) is as follows: tdiyfckiefmypppyldneksngtiihrarykrgweqleqcgypvqrlvalylaarlswnqvdqvirgs (SEQ ID NO: 30), the sequence underlined represents a linker sequence containing Cathepsin L and furin protease cutting sites.

Example 2 Protein Expression

E. coli BL21 cells harboring a protein expression vector were cultured in Luria Bertani broth containing 25 μg/ml kanamycin at 37° C. When the culture reached an early log phase, (A600=0.1 to 0.4), isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) was added at a final concentration of 0.5 to 2 mM for induction. Cells were harvested after 4 hours IPTG induction and disrupted by sonication. The overexpressed protein-containing inclusion bodies were isolated and solubilized in 8M urea/TN buffer (8M urea, 50 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, pH 8.0).

The refolding of the fusion protein RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 was performed by dialysis against 50× volume of TNZ buffer (50 mM Tris 50 mM NaCl and 0.01 mM ZnCl₂, pH 8.0) at 4° C. overnight. The refolded proteins were subject to SDS-PAGE analyses under reduced (with dithiothreitol; +DTT) and non-reduced (without dithiothreitol; −DTT) conditions (FIG. 2). The results indicated that most of the refolded proteins were monomers under a non-reduced condition, indicating that the RAP1 fusion protein refolded easily and were not aggregated (FIG. 2).

FIG. 6A is a flow chart illustrating that the fusion proteins RAP1-CD28PE_(t)E7-K3 (with mouse CD28conv or human CD28conv) were expressed and extracted from the inclusion bodies of E. coli cells). SDS-PAGE analyses indicated that the fusion proteins refolded well (FIG. 6B).

FIG. 11 illustrates a list of fusion proteins that were expressed using similar method described above: (1) RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3; (2) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3; (3) RAP1-CD28PE_(t)-E7₁₈K3; (4) RAP1-HCVcore-K3; (5) RAP1-CD28conv-HCVcore-K3; (6) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-HCVcore-K3; (7) RAP1-HBx; (8) RAP1-HBx-K3; (9) RAP1-CD28conv-HBx; (10) RAP1-CD28conv-HBx-K3; (11) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-HBx; (12) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-HBx-K3; (13) RAP1-PCV2_(ORF2)-K3; (14) RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-PCV2_(ORF2)-K3; (15) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)PCV2_(ORF2)-K3; (16) RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-DGD-K3; (17) RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-M12-K3; (18) RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-PQAB-K3; (19) RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-RSAB-K3; (20) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-DGD-K3; (21) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-M12-K3 (22) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-PQAB-K3; (23) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-RSAB-K3. These fusion proteins were refolded using the same method described above. The results of SDS-PAGE analyses indicated these fusion proteins al refolded well and were thus used for preparing vaccines (FIGS. 12A-F).

Example 3 RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 Inhibits Growth of Tumors Induced by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) type 16 E7 Protein

The fusion proteins PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 and RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 were expressed as described above and protein refolding examined by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 5B). Mice were challenged with 2×10³ TC-01 cells (a mouse lung epithelia cell line harboring HPV type 16 E7 gene) via s.c. injection to induce HPV-16 type carcinoma. Twelve days after the TC-01 cell challenge, mice were vaccinated via s.c. with placebo (PBS+aluminum phosphate), PE407-E7-K3 (200 μg/dose) or RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 (200 μg/dose) with AS04C (GlaxoSmithKline) as an adjuvant once per week for 3 weeks (FIG. 5A). AS04C, which is a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-enhancing adjuvant, comprises MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A, an immune potentiator) and aluminum phosphate (a protein absorbent for antigen delivery). The term “K3” stands for the amino acid sequence KDELKDELKDEL (SEQ ID NO: 19). The size of tumors and the number of tumor-free animals in each group were recorded (FIGS. 5C-D). The tumor growth was significantly suppressed by both vaccines PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 and RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 with AS04C as an adjuvant. However, the mouse group vaccinated with RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 had a higher rate of tumor-free mice. This indicated that the vaccine RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-E7-K3 was as effective as or better than PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 in suppressing tumor growth, however was better in increasing the percentage of tumor-free animals.

Example 4 RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 Inhibits Growth of Tumors Induced by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Type 16 E7 Protein and Increases Survival Rate

The effects of the fusion proteins PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 and RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 with or without an immune potentiator on tumor size and survival rate were examined. Mice were challenged with a higher dose of TC-01 cells (3×10⁴) via s.c. injection. Seven days after the challenge, mice were vaccinated via s.c. with placebo, PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 (100 μg/dose) or RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 (100 μg/dose) with the immune potentiator GPI-0100 or the protein absorbent aluminum phosphate once per week for 3 weeks (FIG. 9A). GPI-0100 is a Th1/CTL stimulating adjuvant (immune potentiator). The size of the tumors and the survival rate in each group were recorded (FIGS. 9B-C). When combined with the adjuvant GPI-0100, both PE_(t)-E7-K3 and RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 suppressed the tumor growth. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that the effect of RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 in inhibiting tumor growth was not dependent on the adjuvant. When combined with the absorbent aluminum phosphate rather than with the adjuvant GPI-0100, RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 could still significantly suppress the tumor growth with the same potency as that when combined with the immune potentiator GPI-0100 (FIG. 9B, unfilled triangle v. filed reverse triangle).

In contrast, the potency of PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 in suppressing the tumor growth depended on the adjuvant. When combined with the absorbent aluminum phosphate, PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 became less potent than that when combined with the immune potentiator GPI-0100 (FIG. 9B solid square v. unfilled circle).

On the other hand, mice administrated with RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 in combination with the immune potentiator GPI-0100 or the absorbent aluminum phosphate had a better survival rate than the groups vaccinated with PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 in combination with GPI-0100 or aluminum phosphate (FIG. 9C). This indicated that RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 could elicit Th1/CTL immune responses even without the immune potentiator GPI-0100. The results also indicated that the fusion protein RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 was superior to PE₄₀₇-E7-K3 as a vaccine for increasing the survival rate of the animals.

Example 5 Immunogenicity Assays

The immunogenicities of various vaccines were tested. Briefly, mice were divided into the following groups: HPV16 E7, HPV 18 E7, HCV core, HBV HBx, PCV2 ORF2 and PRRSV (FIG. 13A). Each group was further divided into subgroups, and each subgroup was injected with either a placebo or a vaccine designed to target toward a certain antigen, or certain antigens, of a pathogen via s.c. once per week for 3 weeks (FIG. 13B). Except the vaccines targeted to PRRSV, each vaccine was composed of a single fusion protein and the absorbent aluminum phosphate, in which the single fusion protein contained at least an antigen of a pathogen. The antigen was either a full-length protein from a pathogen, or a non-full-length protein that contained at least one epitope of an antigen of a pathogen, or was a fusion peptide of two or more antigens, in which each of the antigens was selected from different proteins of a pathogen.

The immunization schedule, vaccines and dose are illustrated in FIGS. 13A-B. Briefly, mice were vaccinated once per week for 3 weeks with vaccines listed in FIG. 13A. All mice were sacrificed 7 days after the last immunization, and the spleens were harvested. Splenocytes were isolated and cultured in 6-well plate (2×10⁷ cells/2 ml/well) with 10 μg/ml of respective recombinant antigens of pathogens to stimulate the splenocytes in the presence of 1 μg/ml Golgi Plug (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) at 37° C. for 16 hr.

The stimulated splenocytes were washed with FACScan buffer and the cell surface markers CD8a, CD4, and CD3 were stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD8a, AF700-conjugated monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD4 and AF647-conjugated monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD3 antibodies. The cells were then permeabilized and fixed by Cytofix/Cytoperm kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD Pharmingen) Intracellular IFN-γ was stained with AF488-conjugated rat anti-mouse IFN-γ to measure the immune response and cytokine levels. Flow cytometry analyses were performed using Gallios flow cytometry with Kaluza analysis software (Beckman Coulter).

The following PRRSV vaccines were tested for immunogenicities: PE₄₀₇-PRRSV-K3, RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-PRRSV-K3 or RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-PRRSV-K3 vaccine. Each vaccine contained a mixture of four different fusion proteins, and each fusion protein contained a different antigen that is selected from the group consisting of DGD, M12, PQAB and RSAB (FIG. 13A). Vaccination of mice and stimulations of splenocytes were performed using similar method as described above. Briefly, all mice were sacrificed 7 days after the last immunization, and spleens were harvested. The splenocytes were isolated and cultured in 6well plate (2×10⁷ cells/2 ml/well) with 10 μg/ml of the recombinant DGD M12, PQAB or RSAB antigens, separately, to stimulate the splenocytes in the presence of 1 μg/ml GolgiPlug (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) at 37° C. for 16 hr.

The amino acid sequence of “DGD” (SEQ ID NO: 26) is as follows: RHHFTPSERQLCLSSIQTAFNQGAGTCILSDSGRISYTVEFSLPTHHTVRLIRVTAPPS ALDQVIRNALASPGSGGDLGEAIREQPEQARLALTLAAAESERFVRQGTGNDEAGAANADVVS LTCPVAAGECAGPADSGDALLERNYPTGAEFLGDGGDVRHHFTPSERQLCLSSIQTAFNQGA GTCILSDSGRISYTVEFSLPTHHTVRLIRVTAPPSA. DGD represents a fusion antigen of PRRSV ORF7 a.a. 64-a.a. 123 (boldface), linker (underlined) and ORF7 a.a. 64-a.a. 123 (boldface).

The term “M12” represents a antigen of PRRSV ORE1b a.a. 1046-a.a. 1210. Its amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 27) is as follows:

NNKECTVAQALGNGDKFRATDKRVVDSLRAICADLEGSSSPLPKVAHNLG FYFSPDLTQFAKLPIELAKIWPWSTQNNEKWPDRLVASLRPLDKYSRACI GAGYNIVGPSVFLGTPGVVSYYLTKFVKGEAQVLPETVFSTGRIENDCRE YLDDREREVAASLPH.

The amino acid sequence of “PQAB” (SEQ ID NO: 28)is as follows: GSSLDDFCYDSTAPQKVLLAFSITYASNDSSSHLQLIYNLTLCELNGTDWLANKFDWA. PQAB represents a fusion antigen of PRRSV American strain ORF6 a.a. 2-a.a. 26 and ORE5 a.a. 31-a.a. 63 (underlined).

The amino acid sequence of RSAB is MGSLDDFCNDSTAAQKLVLAFSITYTPIFVAGGSSSTYQYIYNLTICELNGTDWLSNHFDWA (SEQ ID NO: 29)._The term “RSAB” represents a fusion antigen of PRRSV European strain ORF6 a.a. 2-28 and ORF5 a.a. 31-64 (underlined).

Example 6

The fragment of RAP1 domain 3 of the fusion protein RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 is replaced by A2M minimum (SEQ ID NO: 6), HIV-Tat minimum (SEQ ID NO: 7) or HSPs minimum (SEQ ID NO: 8) to generate the fusion proteins A2M-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3, Tat-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 and HSP-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 vaccines, respectively. The TC-1 tumor suppression activity and cell mediated immune responses enhanced by these vaccines are examined using similar methods as described above. Table 1 shows SEQ ID NOs. of the components of various fusion proteins. Table 2 shows the fusion proteins tested for the effects on T cell-mediated immune responses in animals and the sequences of antigens.

TABLE 1 Length Component SEQ ID NO: (residues) hCD28 Core  1  28 TDIYFCKIEVMYPPPYLDNEKSNGTIIH hCD28 Maximum  2  53 NCDGKLGNESVTFYLQNLYVNQTDIYFCKIEVMYPPPYLDNE KSNGTIIHVKG PE_(t )Core (PE translocation domain core; a.a. 280-a.a. 313 of PE)  3  34 PE_(t )Maximum (translocation domain maxi, a.a. 253-a.a. 364 of PE)  4 112 RAP1 Mini mum (domain III of RAP1)  5 104 A2M Minimum  6 153 HIV-Tat Minimum  7  24 HSPs Minimum, Heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSPs; Homo sapiens)  8 641 Minimum Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) binding domain Ia (an  9 252 APC-binding domain, a.a. 1-a.a. 252 of PE) Liner RXRXKR, ), in which “X” is any amino acid residue. 15   6 Full length PE (Exotoxin A mature form, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 10 613 Full length RAP1 (Homo sapiens low density lipoprotein receptor- 11 323 related protein associated protein 1, LRPAP1); Domain 1: a.a. 1-a.a 112; domain 2: a.a. 113-a.a. 218; domain 3: a.a. 219-a.a. 323. Full length A2M (Homo sapiens alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor- 12 357 associated protein precursor) HIV-Tat (Human immunodeficiency virus 1) 13 101 KDEL 14   4 KKDLRDELKDEL 16  12 KKDELRDELKDEL 17  13 KKDELRVELKDEL 18  13 KDELKDELKDEL 19  12 PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃ 20  46 PLETFTRHRQPRGWEQLEQCGYPVQRLVALYLAARLSWNQV DQVIR CD28convPE_(t) 30  68 T¹D²I³Y⁴F⁵C⁶K⁷X⁸E⁹X¹⁰X¹¹Y¹²P¹³P¹⁴P¹⁵Y¹⁶X¹⁷D¹⁸N¹⁹E²⁰K²¹S²²N²³ G²⁴T²⁵I²⁶I²⁷H²⁸R²⁹X³⁰R³¹X³²K³³R³⁴G³⁵W³⁶E³⁷Q³⁸L³⁹E⁴⁰Q⁴¹C⁴²G⁴³Y⁴⁴ P⁴⁵V⁴⁶Q⁴⁷R⁴⁸L⁴⁹V⁵⁰A⁵¹L⁵²Y⁵³L⁵⁴A⁵⁵A⁵⁶R⁵⁷L⁵⁸S⁵⁹W⁶⁰N⁶¹Q⁶²V⁶³D⁶⁴Q⁶⁵ V⁶⁶I⁶⁷R⁶⁸, wherein (X)⁸ is I or L; (X)¹⁰ is V, F or A, (X)¹¹ is M or L, X¹⁷ is L or I, (X)^(30, 32 )is any amino acid residue. CD28 consensus sequence 31  28 T¹D²I³Y⁴F⁵C⁶K⁷(X)⁸E⁹(X)¹⁰(X)¹¹Y¹²P¹³P¹⁴P¹⁵Y¹⁶X¹⁷ D¹⁸N¹⁹E²⁰K²¹S²²N²³G²⁴T²⁵I²⁶I²⁷H²⁸, wherein (X)⁸ is I or L; (X)¹⁰ is V, F or A, (X)¹¹ is M or L, X¹⁷ is L or I. CD28 critical region 32  10 K¹(X)²E³(X)⁴(X)⁵Y⁶P⁷P⁸P⁹Y¹⁰, wherein (X)² is I or L; (X)⁴ is V, F or A, (X)⁵ is M or L.

TABLE 2 Antigen SEQ ID Fusion protein name Antigen Name NO: RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- HPV16 E7 (full length) 21 E7-K3 RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- HPV18 E7 (full length) 22 E7₁₈-K3 RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- HCV core protein (full length) 23 HCVc-K3 RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- HBV X protein (full length) 24 HBx-K3 RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- PCV2 ORF2 (a fragment of ORF2) 25 PCV2-K3 RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- PRRSV nucleocapsid 26 DGD-K3 (a fusion antigen: ORF7 a.a. 64 - a.a. 123, linker and ORF7 a.a. 64- a.a. 123) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- PRRSV RNA-dependent RNA 27 M12-K3 polymerase (ORf1b a.a. 1046-a.a. 1210) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- PRRSV American strain: a fusion 28 PQAB-K3 antigen of ORF6 (a.a. 2-a.a. 26) and ORF5 (a.a. 31- a.a. 63) RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)- PRRSV European strain: a fusion 29 RSAB-K3 antigen of ORF6 (a.a. 2-a.a. 28) and ORF5 (a.a. 31-a.a. 64)

In the immunogenicity assays, antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses induced by various vaccines were evaluated by measuring the numbers of CD3+/CD4+/IFNγ+ and CD3+/CD8+/IFNγ+ T cells in the splenocytes. The results indicated that the vaccine RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-antigen-K3 can induce strong T cell responses. FIG. 14B shows the CD3+/CD4+/IFNγ+ T cell number and the CD3+/CD8+/IFNγ+ T cell number elicited by CD28convPE_(t)-E7₁₈-K3 were about 50 times and greater than 9 times of RAP1-K3, respectively.

The vaccine RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-antigen-K3 is superior to PE₄₀₇-antigen-K3 in eliciting T cell-mediated immunogenicity. For example, FIG. 14A illustrates the CD3+/CD4+/IFNγ+ T cell number and the CD3+/CD8+/IFNγ+ T cell number elicited by CD28convPE_(t)-E7₁₆-K3 were about 5 times and 7 times of PE₄₀₇-E7₁₆-K3, respectively. This indicates that the vaccine RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-E7-K3 had a better cell-mediated immunogenicity than PE₄₀₇-E7-K3.

A fusion protein comprising RAP1 domain III, the sensitizing signal CD28conv alone without the translocation peptide PE_(t), antigen and an ER retention signal is sufficient in eliciting a strong antigen-specific T cell mediated immune responses when the antigen chosen comprises ten or greater than 10 epitopes. FIG. 14C illustrates the vaccine RAP1-CD28conv-HCVcore-K3 elicited T cell responses with the numbers of CD3+/CD4+/IFNγ+ and of CD3+/CD8+/IFNγ+ T cells being 20 times and 7.6 times of the placebo group, respectively. The antigen HCVcore contains 11 well-known MHC I epitopes.

It was unexpected that the ER retention signal is not essential for the fusion protein of the invention to elicit a strong cell-mediated immunogenicity. In other words, without the ER retention sequence, the fusion protein of the invention can still elicit strong T-cell responses. FIG. 14D illustrates that the numbers of CD3+/CD4+/IFNγ+ and CD3+/CD8+/IFNγ+ T cells elicited by RAP1-CD28convPE_(t)-HBx (without the ER retentions signal K3) were 7 times and 74 times of the placebo group.

In contrast, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,378,100B2 and 7,335,361 show that the ER retention signal K3 is indispensable for PE-related fusion proteins (PE₄₀₇-antigen-K3) to elicit T cell responses.

It was also discovered that a fusion protein comprising RAP1 domain III, the translocation peptide PE₂₁₈₋₃₁₃ (without the sensitizing signal CD28conv), antigen and an ER retention signal is superior to a PE-related fusion protein without containing the RAP1 domain III. FIG. 15C-J illustrate the vaccine RAP1-PE₂₆₈₋₃₁₃-PRRSV-K3 elicited greater CD3+/CD4+/IFNγ+ and CD3+/CD8+/IFNγ+ T cell counts than the vaccine PE₄₀₇-PRRSV-K3.

The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments of the invention has been presented only for the purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments and examples were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and their practical application so as to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention and various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description and the exemplary embodiments described therein.

Some references, which may include patents, patent applications and various publications, are cited and discussed in the description of this invention. The citation and/or discussion of such references is provided merely to clarify the description of the present invention and is not an admission that any such reference is “prior art” to the invention described herein. All references cited and discussed in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A fusion protein comprising: (a) an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-binding domain or a CD91 receptor-binding domain, located at the N-terminus of the fusion protein; (b) a protein transduction domain, located at the C-terminus of the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain, the protein transduction domain being selected from the group consisting of: (i) a fusion polypeptide, comprising a T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide, a linker, and a translocation peptide, wherein: (1) the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide is located at the N-terminus of the fusion polypeptide; (2) the linker comprises SEQ ID NO: 15, linking the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide and the translocation peptide; and (3) the translocation peptide has 34-112 amino acid residues in length and comprises the amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4; (ii) a T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide; and (iii) a translocation peptide of 34-112 amino acid residues in length, comprising the amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 20 or 4; and (c) an antigen of a pathogen, located at the C-terminus of the protein transduction domain; wherein: the T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide has 28-53 amino acid residues in length and comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31, in which Xaa⁸ is I or L; Xaa¹⁰ is V, F or A, Xaa¹¹ is M or L, Xaa¹⁷ is L or I; and the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is free of the amino acid sequence of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) binding domain II if the protein transduction domain is the translocation peptide (biii).
 2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 6, 7, and
 8. 3. The fusion protein of claim 1, further comprising an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence located at the C-terminus of the fusion protein.
 4. The fusion protein of claim 3, wherein the endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence comprises the amino acid sequence of Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 14).
 5. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein is free of an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence at C-terminus thereof if the antigen contains 10 or more epitopes.
 6. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the protein transduction domain is the fusion polypeptide (bi).
 7. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the protein transduction domain is the T cell-sensitizing signal-transducing peptide (bii).
 8. The fusion protein of claim 7, further comprising an additional linker between the protein transduction domain and the antigen, the additional linker comprising SEQ ID NO:
 15. 9. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the protein transduction domain is the translocation peptide (biii).
 10. The fusion protein of claim 9, further comprising an additional linker between the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain and the translocation peptide, the additional linker comprising SEQ ID NO:
 15. 11. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the protein transduction domain comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 30. 12. A vaccine composition comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein of claim 1; and (b) an adjuvant.
 13. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the APC-binding domain or the CD91 receptor-binding domain is a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 5, 9, 6, 7, and
 8. 14. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or
 2. 15. The fusion protein of claim 14, wherein the T cell sensitizing signal-transducing peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and
 2. 16. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the translocation peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, 20, and
 4. 17. A method for inducing enhanced pathogen antigen-specific T cell responses, comprising: administering a vaccine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof, and thereby inducing enhanced pathogen antigen-specific T cell responses.
 18. A method for killing a disease cell that presents an antigen via class I MHC molecules on the cell membrane of the disease cell, comprising: administering a vaccine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof, and thereby killing the disease cell that that presents the antigen via class I MHC molecules on the cell membrane of the disease cell.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the disease cell is a cancer cell.
 20. A method for preventing, treating infection caused by a pathogen, and/or minimizing symptoms caused by the infection, comprising: administering a vaccine composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the fusion protein of claim 1 to a subject in need thereof, and thereby preventing, treating infection caused by the pathogen, and/or minimizing symptoms caused by the infection. 